2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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---
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title: Strings
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---
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Strings are sequences of characters (specifically [Unicode code points][]). Sass
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supports two kinds of strings whose internal structure is the same but which are
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rendered differently: [quoted strings][], like `"Helvetica Neue"`, and [unquoted
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strings][] (also known as *identifiers*), like `bold`. Together, these cover the
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different kinds of text that appear in CSS.
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[Unicode code points]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_point
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[quoted strings]: #quoted
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[unquoted strings]: #unquoted
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<% fun_fact do %>
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2018-10-23 22:42:40 +02:00
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You can convert a quoted string to an unquoted string using the [`unquote()`
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function][], and you can convert an unquoted string to a quoted string using
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the [`quote()` function][].
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2018-10-24 02:45:14 +02:00
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[`unquote()` function]: ../functions/string#unquote
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[`quote()` function]: ../functions/string#quote
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2018-10-23 22:42:40 +02:00
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<% example(autogen_css: false) do %>
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@debug unquote(".widget:hover"); // .widget:hover
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@debug quote(bold); // "bold"
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===
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@debug unquote(".widget:hover") // .widget:hover
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@debug quote(bold) // "bold"
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<% end %>
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2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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<% end %>
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## Escapes
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All Sass strings support the standard CSS [escape codes][]:
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[escape codes]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/string#Syntax
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* Any character other than a letter from A to F or a number from 0 to 9 (even a
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newline!) can be included as part of a string by writing `\` in front of it.
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* Any character can be included as part of a string by writing `\` followed by
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its [Unicode code point number][] written in [hexadecimal][]. You can
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optionally include a space after the code point number to indicate where the
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Unicode number ends.
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[Unicode code point number]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters
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[hexadecimal]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal
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<% example(autogen_css: false) do %>
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2018-10-23 22:42:40 +02:00
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@debug "\""; // '"'
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@debug \.widget; // \.widget
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@debug "\a"; // "\a" (a string containing only a newline)
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@debug "line1\a line2"; // "line1\a line2"
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@debug "Nat + Liz \1F46D"; // "Nat + Liz 👭"
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===
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@debug "\"" // '"'
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@debug \.widget // \.widget
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@debug "\a" // "\a" (a string containing only a newline)
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@debug "line1\a line2" // "line1\a line2" (foo and bar are separated by a newline)
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@debug "Nat + Liz \1F46D" // "Nat + Liz 👭"
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2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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<% end %>
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<% fun_fact do %>
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2018-10-23 22:42:40 +02:00
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For characters that are allowed to appear in strings, writing the Unicode
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escape produces exactly the same string as writing the character itself.
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2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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<% end %>
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## Quoted
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Quoted strings are written between either single or double quotes, as in
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`"Helvetica Neue"`. They can contain [interpolation][], as well as any unescaped
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character except for:
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[interpolation]: ../interpolation
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* `\`, which can be escaped as `\\`;
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* `'` or `"`, whichever was used to define that string, which can be escaped as
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`\'` or `\"`;
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* newlines, which can be escaped as `\a ` (including a trailing space).
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Quoted strings are guaranteed to be compiled to CSS strings that have the same
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contents as the original Sass strings. The exact format may vary based on the
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implementation or configuration—a string containing a double quote may be
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compiled to `"\""` or `'"'`, and a non-[ASCII][] character may or may not be
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escaped. But that should be parsed the same in any standards-compliant CSS
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implementation, including all browsers.
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[ASCII]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
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<% example(autogen_css: false) do %>
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2018-10-23 22:42:40 +02:00
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@debug "Helvetica Neue"; // "Helvetica Neue"
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@debug "C:\\Program Files"; // "C:\\Program Files"
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@debug "\"Don't Fear the Reaper\""; // "\"Don't Fear the Reaper\""
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@debug "line1\a line2"; // "line1\a line2"
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$roboto-variant: "Mono";
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@debug "Roboto #{$roboto-variant}"; // "Roboto Mono"
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===
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@debug "Helvetica Neue" // "Helvetica Neue"
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@debug "C:\\Program Files" // "C:\\Program Files"
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@debug "\"Don't Fear the Reaper\"" // "\"Don't Fear the Reaper\""
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@debug "line1\a line2" // "line1\a line2"
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$roboto-variant: "Mono"
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@debug "Roboto #{$roboto-variant}" // "Roboto Mono"
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2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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<% end %>
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<% fun_fact do %>
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2018-10-23 22:42:40 +02:00
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When a quoted string is injected into another value via interpolation, [its
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quotes are removed][]! This makes it easy to write strings containing
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selectors, for example, that can be injected into style rules without adding
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quotes.
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2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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2018-10-23 22:42:40 +02:00
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[its quotes are removed]: ../interpolation#quoted-strings
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2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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<% end %>
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## Unquoted
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Unquoted strings are written as CSS [identifiers][], following the syntax
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diagram below. They may include [interpolation][] anywhere.
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[identifiers]: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-syntax-3/#ident-token-diagram
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<%= partial 'assets/img/illustrations/identifier-diagram' %>
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<% example do %>
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@debug bold; // bold
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@debug -webkit-flex; // -webkit-flex
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@debug --123; // --123
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$prefix: ms;
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@debug -#{$prefix}-flex; // -ms-flex
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===
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@debug bold // bold
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@debug -webkit-flex // -webkit-flex
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@debug --123 // --123
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$prefix: ms
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@debug -#{$prefix}-flex // -ms-flex
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<% end %>
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<% heads_up do %>
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2018-10-23 22:42:40 +02:00
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Not all identifiers are parsed as unquoted strings:
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* [CSS color names][] are parsed as [colors][].
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* `null` is parsed as [Sass's `null` value][].
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* `true` and `false` are parsed as [Booleans][].
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* `not`, `and`, and `or` are parsed as [Boolean operators][].
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[CSS color names]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value#Color_keywords
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[colors]: colors
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[Sass's `null` value]: null
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[Booleans]: booleans
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[Boolean operators]: ../operators/boolean
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Because of this, it's generally a good idea to write quoted strings unless
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you're specifically writing the value of a CSS property that uses unquoted
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strings.
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2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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<% end %>
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### Escapes
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<% impl_status dart: '1.11.0', libsass: false, ruby: false do %>
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LibSass, Ruby Sass, and older versions of Dart Sass don't normalize escapes in
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identifiers. Instead, the text in the unquoted string is the exact text the
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user wrote. For example, `\1F46D` and `👭` are not considered equivalent.
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2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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<% end %>
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When an unquoted string is parsed, the literal text of escapes are parsed as
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part of the string. For example, `\a ` is parsed as the characters `\`, `a`, and
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space. In order to ensure that unquoted strings that have the same meanings in
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CSS are parsed the same way, though, these escapes are *normalized*. For each
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code point, whether it's escaped or unescaped:
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* If it's a valid identifier character, it's included unescaped in the unquoted
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string. For example, `\1F46D` returns the unquoted string `👭`.
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* If it's a printable character that's not a newline, it's included after a `\`.
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For example, `\21 ` returns the unquoted string `\!`.
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* Otherwise, the lowercase Unicode escape is included with a trailing space. For
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example, `\7Fx` returns the unquoted string `\7f x`.
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<% example do %>
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2018-10-23 22:42:40 +02:00
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@debug \1F46D; // 👭
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@debug \21; // \!
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@debug \7Fx; // \7f x
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@debug str-length(\7Fx); // 5
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===
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@debug \1F46D // 👭
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@debug \21 // \!
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@debug \7Fx // \7f x
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@debug str-length(\7Fx) // 5
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<% end %>
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## String Indexes
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Sass has a number of [string functions][] that take or return numbers, called
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*indexes*, that refer to the characters in a string. The index 1 indicates the
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first character of the string. Note that this is different than many programming
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languages where indexes start at 0! Sass also makes it easy to refer to the end
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of a string. The index -1 refers to the last character in a string, -2 refers to
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the second-to-last, and so on.
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2018-10-24 02:45:14 +02:00
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[string functions]: ../functions/string
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2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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<% example do %>
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2018-10-23 22:42:40 +02:00
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@debug str-index("Helvetica Neue", "Helvetica"); // 1
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@debug str-index("Helvetica Neue", "Neue"); // 11
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@debug str-slice("Roboto Mono", -4); // "Mono"
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===
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@debug str-index("Helvetica Neue", "Helvetica") // 1
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@debug str-index("Helvetica Neue", "Neue") // 11
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@debug str-slice("Roboto Mono", -4) // "Mono"
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2018-09-01 22:35:20 +02:00
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<% end %>
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