---
title: Numeric Operators
table_of_contents: true
introduction: >
  Sass supports the standard set of mathematical operators for
  [numbers](/documentation/values/numbers). They automatically convert between compatible
  units.
---
{% markdown %}
  - `<expression> + <expression>` adds the first [expression][]'s value to the
    second's.
  - `<expression> - <expression>` subtracts the first [expression][]'s value from
    the second's.
  - `<expression> * <expression>` multiplies the first [expression][]'s value by
    the second's.
  - `<expression> % <expression>` returns the remainder of the first
    [expression][]'s value divided by the second's. This is known as the [*modulo*
    operator][].

  [expression]: /documentation/syntax/structure#expressions
  [*modulo* operator]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation
{% endmarkdown %}

{% codeExample 'numeric', false %}
  @debug 10s + 15s; // 25s
  @debug 1in - 10px; // 0.8958333333in
  @debug 5px * 3px; // 15px*px
  @debug 1in % 9px; // 0.0625in
  ===
  @debug 10s + 15s  // 25s
  @debug 1in - 10px  // 0.8958333333in
  @debug 5px * 3px  // 15px*px
  @debug 1in % 9px  // 0.0625in
{% endcodeExample %}

{% markdown %}
  Unitless numbers can be used with numbers of any unit.
{% endmarkdown %}

{% codeExample 'unitless-numbers', false  %}
  @debug 100px + 50; // 150px
  @debug 4s * 10; // 40s
  ===
  @debug 100px + 50  // 150px
  @debug 4s * 10  // 40s
{% endcodeExample %}

{% markdown %}
  Numbers with incompatible units can't be used with addition, subtraction, or
  modulo.
{% endmarkdown %}

{% codeExample 'incompatible-units', false  %}
  @debug 100px + 10s;
  //     ^^^^^^^^^^^
  // Error: Incompatible units px and s.
  ===
  @debug 100px + 10s
  //     ^^^^^^^^^^^
  // Error: Incompatible units px and s.
{% endcodeExample %}

{% markdown %}
  ## Unary Operators

  You can also write `+` and `-` as unary operators, which take only one value:

  - `+<expression>` returns the expression's value without changing it.
  - `-<expression>` returns the negative version of the expression's value.
{% endmarkdown %}

{% codeExample 'unary-operators', false  %}
  @debug +(5s + 7s); // 12s
  @debug -(50px + 30px); // -80px
  @debug -(10px - 15px); // 5px
  ===
  @debug +(5s + 7s)  // 12s
  @debug -(50px + 30px)  // -80px
  @debug -(10px - 15px)  // 5px
{% endcodeExample %}

{% headsUp, false %}
  {% markdown %}
    Because `-` can refer to both subtraction and unary negation, it can be
    confusing which is which in a space-separated list. To be safe:

    - Always write spaces on both sides of `-` when subtracting.
    - Write a space before `-` but not after for a negative number or a unary
      negation.
    - Wrap unary negation in parentheses if it's in a space-separated list.

    The different meanings of `-` in Sass take precedence in the following order:

    1. `-` as part of an identifier. The only exception are units; Sass normally
      allows any valid identifier to be used as an identifier, but units may not
      contain a hyphen followed by a digit.
    2. `-` between an expression and a literal number with no whitespace, which is
      parsed as subtraction.
    3. `-` at the beginning of a literal number, which is parsed as a negative number.
    4. `-` between two numbers regardless of whitespace, which is parsed as subtraction.
    5. `-` before a value other than a literal number, which is parsed as unary negation.
  {% endmarkdown %}

  {% codeExample 'heads-up-subtraction-unary-negation', false %}
    @debug a-1; // a-1
    @debug 5px-3px; // 2px
    @debug 5-3; // 2
    @debug 1 -2 3; // 1 -2 3

    $number: 2;
    @debug 1 -$number 3; // -1 3
    @debug 1 (-$number) 3; // 1 -2 3
    ===
    @debug a-1  // a-1
    @debug 5px-3px  // 2px
    @debug 5-3  // 2
    @debug 1 -2 3  // 1 -2 3

    $number: 2
    @debug 1 -$number 3  // -1 3
    @debug 1 (-$number) 3  // 1 -2 3
  {% endcodeExample %}
{% endheadsUp %}


{{  '## Division' | markdown }}

{% compatibility 'dart: "1.33.0"', 'libsass: false', 'ruby: false', 'feature: "math.div()"' %}{% endcompatibility %}

{% markdown %}
  Unlike other mathematical operations, division in Sass is done with the
  [`math.div()`] function. Although many programming languages use `/` as a
  division operator, in CSS `/` is used as a separator (as in `font: 15px/32px` or
  `hsl(120 100% 50% / 0.8)`). While Sass does support the use of `/` as a division
  operator, this is deprecated and [will be removed] in a future version.

  [`math.div()`]: /documentation/modules/math#div
  [will be removed]: /documentation/breaking-changes/slash-div

  ### Slash-Separated Values

  For the time being while Sass still supports `/` as a division operator, it has
  to have a way to disambiguate between `/` as a separator and `/` as division. In
  order to make this work, if two numbers are separated by `/`, Sass will print
  the result as slash-separated instead of divided unless one of these conditions
  is met:

  - Either expression is anything other than a literal number.
  - The result is stored in a variable or returned by a function.
  - The operation is surrounded by parentheses, unless those parentheses are
    outside a list that contains the operation.
  - The result is used as part of another operation (other than `/`).
  - The result is returned by a [calculation].

  [calculation]: /documentation/values/calculations

  You can use [`list.slash()`] to force `/` to be used as a separator.

  [`list.slash()`]: /documentation/modules/list#slash
{% endmarkdown %}

{% codeExample 'slash-separated-values', false %}
  @use "sass:list";

  @debug 15px / 30px; // 15px/30px
  @debug (10px + 5px) / 30px; // 0.5
  @debug list.slash(10px + 5px, 30px); // 15px/30px

  $result: 15px / 30px;
  @debug $result; // 0.5

  @function fifteen-divided-by-thirty() {
    @return 15px / 30px;
  }
  @debug fifteen-divided-by-thirty(); // 0.5

  @debug (15px/30px); // 0.5
  @debug (bold 15px/30px sans-serif); // bold 15px/30px sans-serif
  @debug 15px/30px + 1; // 1.5
  ===
  @use "sass:list";

  @debug 15px / 30px  // 15px/30px
  @debug (10px + 5px) / 30px  // 0.5
  @debug list.slash(10px + 5px, 30px)  // 15px/30px

  $result: 15px / 30px
  @debug $result  // 0.5

  @function fifteen-divided-by-thirty()
    @return 15px / 30px

  @debug fifteen-divided-by-thirty()  // 0.5

  @debug (15px/30px)  // 0.5
  @debug (bold 15px/30px sans-serif)  // bold 15px/30px sans-serif
  @debug 15px/30px + 1  // 1.5
{% endcodeExample %}

{% render 'documentation/snippets/number-units' %}