sass-site/source/documentation/at-rules/extend.liquid

---
title: "@extend"
table_of_contents: true
introduction: >
  There are often cases when designing a page when one class should have all the
  styles of another class, as well as its own specific styles. For example, the
  [BEM methodology](http://getbem.com/naming/) encourages modifier classes that
  go on the same elements as block or element classes. But this can create
  cluttered HTML, it's prone to errors from forgetting to include both classes,
  and it can bring non-semantic style concerns into your markup.
---
<!-- TODO(jina): I think these code blocks should be side-by-side -->
{% markdown %}
```html
<div class="error error--serious">
  Oh no! You've been hacked!
</div>
```
```css
.error {
  border: 1px #f00;
  background-color: #fdd;
}

.error--serious {
  border-width: 3px;
}
```
Sass's `@extend` rule solves this. It's written `@extend <selector>`, and it
tells Sass that one selector should inherit the styles of another.
{% endmarkdown %}

{% codeExample 'extend' %}
.error {
  border: 1px #f00;
  background-color: #fdd;

  &--serious {
    @extend .error;
    border-width: 3px;
  }
}
===
.error
border: 1px #f00
background-color: #fdd

&--serious
    @extend .error
    border-width: 3px
{% endcodeExample %}

{% markdown %}
When one class extends another, Sass styles all elements that match the extender
as though they also match the class being extended. When one class selector
extends another, it works exactly as though you added the extended class to
every element in your HTML that already had the extending class. You can just
write `class="error--serious"`, and Sass will make sure it's styled as though it
had `class="error"` as well.

Of course, selectors aren't just used on their own in style rules. Sass knows to
extend *everywhere* the selector is used. This ensures that your elements are
styled exactly as if they matched the extended selector.
{% endmarkdown %}

{% codeExample 'extended-selector' %}
.error:hover {
  background-color: #fee;
}

.error--serious {
  @extend .error;
  border-width: 3px;
}
===
.error:hover
  background-color: #fee


.error--serious
  @extend .error
  border-width: 3px
{% endcodeExample %}

{% headsUp %}
Extends are resolved after the rest of your stylesheet is compiled. In
particular, it happens after [parent selectors][] are resolved. This means that
if you `@extend .error`, it won't affect the inner selector in
`.error { &__icon { ... } }`. It also means that [parent selectors in
SassScript][] can't see the results of extend.

[parent selectors]: /documentation/style-rules/parent-selector
[parent selectors in SassScript]: /documentation/style-rules/parent-selector#in-sassscript
{% endheadsUp %}

{% markdown %}
## How It Works

Unlike [mixins][], which copy styles into the current style rule, `@extend`
updates style rules that contain the extended selector so that they contain the
extending selector as well. When extending selectors, Sass does *intelligent
unification*:

[mixins]: /documentation/at-rules/mixin

* It never generates selectors like `#main#footer` that can't possibly match
  any elements.

* It ensures that complex selectors are interleaved so that they work no matter
  which order the HTML elements are nested.

* It trims redundant selectors as much as possible, while still ensuring that
  the specificity is greater than or equal to that of the extender.

* It knows when one selector matches everything another does, and can combine
  them together.

* It intelligently handles [combinators][], [universal selectors][], and
  [pseudo-classes that contain selectors][].

[combinators]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Selectors#Combinators
[pseudo-classes that contain selectors]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:not
[universal selectors]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Universal_selectors
{% endmarkdown %}

{% codeExample 'how-it-works' %}
.content nav.sidebar {
  @extend .info;
}

// This won't be extended, because `p` is incompatible with `nav`.
p.info {
  background-color: #dee9fc;
}

// There's no way to know whether `<div class="guide">` will be inside or
// outside `<div class="content">`, so Sass generates both to be safe.
.guide .info {
  border: 1px solid rgba(#000, 0.8);
  border-radius: 2px;
}

// Sass knows that every element matching "main.content" also matches ".content"
// and avoids generating unnecessary interleaved selectors.
main.content .info {
  font-size: 0.8em;
}
===
.content nav.sidebar
  @extend .info


// This won't be extended, because `p` is incompatible with `nav`.
p.info
  background-color: #dee9fc


// There's no way to know whether `<div class="guide">` will be inside or
// outside `<div class="content">`, so Sass generates both to be safe.
.guide .info
  border: 1px solid rgba(#000, 0.8)
  border-radius: 2px


// Sass knows that every element matching "main.content" also matches ".content"
// and avoids generating unnecessary interleaved selectors.
main.content .info
  font-size: 0.8em
{% endcodeExample %}

{% markdown %}
{% funFact %}
  You can directly access Sass's intelligent unification using [selector
  functions][]! The [`selector.unify()` function][] returns a selector that
  matches the intersection of two selectors, while the [`selector.extend()`
  function][] works just like `@extend`, but on a single selector.

  [selector functions]: /documentation/modules/selector
  [`selector.unify()` function]: /documentation/modules/selector#unify
  [`selector.extend()` function]: /documentation/modules/selector#extend
{% endfunFact %}

{% headsUp %}
  Because `@extend` updates style rules that contain the extended selector, their
  styles have precedence in [the cascade][] based on where the extended selector's
  style rules appear, *not* based on where the `@extend` appears. This can be
  confusing, but just remember: this is the same precedence those rules would have
  if you added the extended class to your HTML!

  [the cascade]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Cascade
{% endheadsUp %}

## Placeholder Selectors

Sometimes you want to write a style rule that's *only* intended to be extended.
In that case, you can use [placeholder selectors][], which look like class
selectors that start with `%` instead of `.`. Any selectors that include
placeholders aren't included in the CSS output, but selectors that extend them
are.

[placeholder selectors]: /documentation/style-rules/placeholder-selectors
{% endmarkdown %}
{% render 'code-snippets/example-placeholder' %}
{% markdown %}
### Private Placeholders

Like [module members][], a placeholder selector can be marked private by
starting its name with either `-` or `_`. A private placeholder selector can
only be extended within the stylesheet that defines it. To any other
stylesheets, it will look as though that selector doesn't exist.

[module members]: /documentation/at-rules/use#private-members

## Extension Scope

When one stylesheet extends a selector, that extension will only affect style
rules written in *upstream* modules—that is, modules that are loaded by that
stylesheet using the [`@use` rule][] or the [`@forward` rule][], modules loaded
by *those* modules, and so on. This helps make your `@extend` rules more
predictable, ensuring that they affect only the styles you were aware of when
you wrote them.

[`@use` rule]: /documentation/at-rules/use
[`@forward` rule]: /documentation/at-rules/forward

{% headsUp %}
  Extensions aren't scoped at all if you're using the [`@import` rule][]. Not
  only will they affect every stylesheet you import, they'll affect every
  stylesheet that imports your stylesheet, everything else those stylesheets
  import, and so on. Without `@use`, extensions are *global*.

  [`@import` rule]: /documentation/at-rules/import
{% endheadsUp %}

## Mandatory and Optional Extends

Normally, if an `@extend` doesn't match any selectors in the stylesheet, Sass
will produce an error. This helps protect from typos or from renaming a selector
without renaming the selectors that inherit from it. Extends that require that
the extended selector exists are *mandatory*.

This may not always be what you want, though. If you want the `@extend` to do
nothing if the extended selector doesn't exist, just add `!optional` to the end.

## Extends or Mixins?

Extends and [mixins][] are both ways of encapsulating and re-using styles in
Sass, which naturally raises the question of when to use which one. Mixins are
obviously necessary when you need to configure the styles using [arguments][],
but what if they're just a chunk of styles?

[mixins]: /documentation/at-rules/mixin
[arguments]: /documentation/at-rules/mixin#arguments

As a rule of thumb, extends are the best option when you're expressing a
relationship between semantic classes (or other semantic selectors). Because an
element with class `.error--serious` *is an* error, it makes sense for it to
extend `.error`. But for non-semantic collections of styles, writing a mixin can
avoid cascade headaches and make it easier to configure down the line.

{% funFact %}
  Most web servers compress the CSS they serve using an algorithm that's very good
  at handling repeated chunks of identical text. This means that, although mixins
  may produce more CSS than extends, they probably won't substantially increase
  the amount your users need to download. So choose the feature that makes the
  most sense for your use-case, not the one that generates the least CSS!

  [gzip]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip
{% endfunFact %}

## Limitations

### Disallowed Selectors
{% endmarkdown %}

{% compatibility true, false, null, false, "No Compound Extensions" %}
LibSass and Ruby Sass currently allow compound selectors like `.message.info`
to be extended. However, this behavior doesn't match the definition of
`@extend`: instead of styling elements that match the extending selector as
though it had `class="message info"`, which would be affected by style rules
that included either `.message` *or* `.info`, it only styled them with rules
that included both `.message` *and* `info`.

In order to keep the definition of `@extend` straightforward and
understandable, and to keep the implementation clean and efficient, that
behavior is now deprecated and will be removed from future versions.

See [the breaking change page][] for more details.

[the breaking change page]: /documentation/breaking-changes/extend-compound
{% endcompatibility %}

{% markdown %}
Only *simple selectors*—individual selectors like `.info` or `a`—can be
extended. If `.message.info` could be extended, the definition of `@extend` says
that elements matching the extender would be styled as though they matched
`.message.info`. That's just the same as matching both `.message` and `.info`,
so there wouldn't be any benefit in writing that instead of
`@extend .message, .info`.

Similarly, if `.main .info` could be extended, it would do (almost) the same
thing as extending `.info` on its own. The subtle differences aren't worth the
confusion of looking like it's doing something substantially different, so this
isn't allowed either.
{% endmarkdown %}

{% codeExample 'disallowed-selectors', false %}
.alert {
  @extend .message.info;
  //      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  // Error: Write @extend .message, .info instead.

  @extend .main .info;
  //      ^^^^^^^^^^^
  // Error: write @extend .info instead.
}
===
.alert
  @extend .message.info
  //      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  // Error: Write @extend .message, .info instead.

  @extend .main .info
  //      ^^^^^^^^^^^
  // Error: write @extend .info instead.
{% endcodeExample %}

{% markdown %}
### HTML Heuristics

When `@extend` [interleaves complex selectors][], it doesn't generate all
possible combinations of ancestor selectors. Many of the selectors it could
generate are unlikely to actually match real HTML, and generating them all would
make stylesheets way too big for very little real value. Instead, it uses
a [heuristic][]: it assumes that each selector's ancestors will be
self-contained, without being interleaved with any other selector's ancestors.

[interleaves complex selectors]: #how-it-works
[heuristic]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic
{% endmarkdown %}

{% codeExample 'html-heuristics' %}
header .warning li {
  font-weight: bold;
}

aside .notice dd {
  // Sass doesn't generate CSS to match the <dd> in
  //
  // <header>
  //   <aside>
  //     <div class="warning">
  //       <div class="notice">
  //         <dd>...</dd>
  //       </div>
  //     </div>
  //   </aside>
  // </header>
  //
  // because matching all elements like that would require us to generate nine
  // new selectors instead of just two.
  @extend li;
}
===
header .warning li
  font-weight: bold


aside .notice dd
  // Sass doesn't generate CSS to match the <dd> in
  //
  // <header>
  //   <aside>
  //     <div class="warning">
  //       <div class="notice">
  //         <dd>...</dd>
  //       </div>
  //     </div>
  //   </aside>
  // </header>
  //
  // because matching all elements like that would require us to generate nine
  // new selectors instead of just two.
  @extend li
{% endcodeExample %}

{% markdown %}
### Extend in `@media`

While `@extend` is allowed within [`@media` and other CSS at-rules][], it's not
allowed to extend selectors that appear outside its at-rule. This is because the
extending selector only applies within the given media context, and there's no
way to make sure that restriction is preserved in the generated selector without
duplicating the entire style rule.

[`@media` and other CSS at-rules]: /documentation/at-rules/css
{% endmarkdown %}