dart-sass/README.md

A [Dart][dart] implementation of [Sass][sass]. **Sass makes CSS fun**.

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>
      <img width="118px" alt="Sass logo" src="https://rawgit.com/sass/sass-site/master/source/assets/img/logos/logo.svg" />
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      <a href="https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/actions"><img alt="GitHub actions build status" src="https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/workflows/CI/badge.svg"></a>
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[dart]: https://www.dartlang.org
[sass]: https://sass-lang.com/

* [Using Dart Sass](#using-dart-sass)
  * [From Chocolatey or Scoop (Windows)](#from-chocolatey-or-scoop-windows)
  * [From Homebrew (macOS)](#from-homebrew-macos)
  * [Standalone](#standalone)
  * [From npm](#from-npm)
    * [Dart Sass in the Browser](#dart-sass-in-the-browser)
    * [Legacy JavaScript API](#legacy-javascript-api)
    * [Using Sass with Jest](#using-sass-with-jest)
  * [From Pub](#from-pub)
    * [`sass_api` Package](#sass_api-package)
  * [From Source](#from-source)
  * [In Docker](#in-docker)
* [Why Dart?](#why-dart)
* [Compatibility Policy](#compatibility-policy)
  * [Browser Compatibility](#browser-compatibility)
  * [Node.js Compatibility](#nodejs-compatibility)
* [Embedded Dart Sass](#embedded-dart-sass)
  * [Usage](#usage)
* [Behavioral Differences from Ruby Sass](#behavioral-differences-from-ruby-sass)

## Using Dart Sass

There are a few different ways to install and run Dart Sass, depending on your
environment and your needs.

### From Chocolatey or Scoop (Windows)

If you use [the Chocolatey package manager](https://chocolatey.org/)
or [the Scoop package manager](https://github.com/lukesampson/scoop) for
Windows, you can install Dart Sass by running

```cmd
choco install sass
```

or

```cmd
scoop install sass
```

That'll give you a `sass` executable on your command line that will run Dart
Sass. See [the CLI docs][cli] for details.

[cli]: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/cli/dart-sass

### From Homebrew (macOS)

If you use [the Homebrew package manager](https://brew.sh/) for macOS, you
can install Dart Sass by running

```sh
brew install sass/sass/sass
```

That'll give you a `sass` executable on your command line that will run Dart
Sass.

### Standalone

You can download the standalone Dart Sass archive for your operating
system—containing the Dart VM and the snapshot of the executable—from [the
GitHub release page][]. Extract it, [add the directory to your path][], restart
your terminal, and the `sass` executable is ready to run!

[the GitHub release page]: https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/releases/
[add the directory to your path]: https://katiek2.github.io/path-doc/

### From npm

Dart Sass is available, compiled to JavaScript, [as an npm package][npm]. You
can install it globally using `npm install -g sass` which will provide access to
the `sass` executable. You can also add it to your project using
`npm install --save-dev sass`. This provides the executable as well as a
library:

[npm]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/sass

```js
const sass = require('sass');

const result = sass.compile(scssFilename);

// OR

// Note that `compileAsync()` is substantially slower than `compile()`.
const result = await sass.compileAsync(scssFilename);
```

See [the Sass website][js api] for full API documentation.

[js api]: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api

#### Dart Sass in the Browser

The `sass` npm package can also be run directly in the browser. It's compatible
with all major web bundlers as long as you disable renaming (such as
[`--keep-names`] in esbuild). You can also import it directly from a browser as
an ECMAScript Module without any bundling (assuming `node_modules` is served as
well):

[`--keep-names`]: https://esbuild.github.io/api/#keep-names

```html
<script type="importmap">
  {
    "imports": {
      "immutable": "./node_modules/immutable/dist/immutable.es.js",
      "sass": "./node_modules/sass/sass.default.js"
    }
  }
</script>

<!-- Support browsers like Safari 16.3 without import maps support. -->
<script async src="https://unpkg.com/es-module-shims@^1.7.0" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

<script type="module">
  import * as sass from 'sass';

  console.log(sass.compileString(`
    .box {
      width: 10px + 15px;
    }
  `));
</script>
```

Or from a CDN:

```html
<script type="importmap">
  {
    "imports": {
      "immutable": "https://unpkg.com/immutable@^4.0.0",
      "sass": "https://unpkg.com/sass@^1.63.0/sass.default.js"
    }
  }
</script>

<!-- Support browsers like Safari 16.3 without import maps support. -->
<script async src="https://unpkg.com/es-module-shims@^1.7.0" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

<script type="module">
  import * as sass from 'sass';

  console.log(sass.compileString(`
    .box {
      width: 10px + 15px;
    }
  `));
</script>
```

Or even bundled with all its dependencies:

```html
<script type="module">
  import * as sass from 'https://jspm.dev/sass';

  console.log(sass.compileString(`
    .box {
      width: 10px + 15px;
    }
  `));
</script>
```

Since the browser doesn't have access to the filesystem, the [`compile()`] and
`compileAsync()` functions aren't available for it. If you want to load other
files, you'll need to pass a [custom importer] to [`compileString()`] or
[`compileStringAsync()`]. The [legacy API] is also not supported in the browser.

[`compile()`]: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/functions/compile
[`compileAsync()`]: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/functions/compileAsync
[custom importer]: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/interfaces/StringOptionsWithImporter#importer
[`compileString()`]: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/functions/compileString
[`compileStringAsync()`]: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/functions/compileStringAsync
[legacy API]: #legacy-javascript-api

#### Legacy JavaScript API

Dart Sass also supports an older JavaScript API that's fully compatible with
[Node Sass] (with a few exceptions listed below), with support for both the
[`render()`] and [`renderSync()`] functions. This API is considered deprecated
and will be removed in Dart Sass 2.0.0, so it should be avoided in new projects.

[Node Sass]: https://github.com/sass/node-sass
[`render()`]: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/functions/render
[`renderSync()`]: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/functions/renderSync

Sass's support for the legacy JavaScript API has the following limitations:

* Only the `"expanded"` and `"compressed"` values of [`outputStyle`] are
  supported.

* Dart Sass doesn't support the [`precision`] option. Dart Sass defaults to a
  sufficiently high precision for all existing browsers, and making this
  customizable would make the code substantially less efficient.

* Dart Sass doesn't support the [`sourceComments`] option. Source maps are the
  recommended way of locating the origin of generated selectors.

[`outputStyle`]: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/js-api/interfaces/LegacySharedOptions#outputStyle
[`precision`]: https://github.com/sass/node-sass#precision
[`sourceComments`]: https://github.com/sass/node-sass#sourcecomments

#### Using Sass with Jest

If you're using [Jest] to run your tests, be aware that it has a [longstanding
bug] where its default test environment breaks JavaScript's built-in
[`instanceof` operator]. Dart Sass's JS package uses `instanceof` fairly
heavily, so in order to avoid breaking Sass you'll need to install
[`jest-environment-node-single-context`] and add `testEnvironment:
'jest-environment-node-single-context'` to your Jest config.

[Jest]: https://jestjs.io/
[longstanding bug]: https://github.com/facebook/jest/issues/2549
[`instanceof` operator]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/instanceof
[`jest-environment-node-single-context`]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/jest-environment-node-single-context

### From Pub

If you're a Dart user, you can install Dart Sass globally using `pub global
activate sass`, which will provide a `sass` executable. You can also add it to
your pubspec and use it as a library. We strongly recommend importing it with
the prefix `sass`:

```dart
import 'package:sass/sass.dart' as sass;

void main(List<String> args) {
  print(sass.compile(args.first));
}
```

See [the Dart API docs][api] for details.

[api]: https://www.dartdocs.org/documentation/sass/latest/sass/sass-library.html

#### `sass_api` Package

Dart users also have access to more in-depth APIs via the [`sass_api` package].
This provides access to the Sass AST and APIs for resolving Sass loads without
running a full compilation. It's separated out into its own package so that it
can increase its version number independently of the main `sass` package.

[`sass_api` package]: https://pub.dev/packages/sass_api

### From Source

Assuming you've already checked out this repository:

1. [Install Dart](https://www.dartlang.org/install). If you download an archive
   manually rather than using an installer, make sure the SDK's `bin` directory
   is on your `PATH`.

2. [Install Buf]. This is used to build the protocol buffers for the [embedded
   compiler].

3. In this repository, run `dart pub get`. This will install Dart Sass's
   dependencies.

4. Run `dart run grinder protobuf`. This will download and build the embedded
   protocol definition.

5. Run `dart bin/sass.dart path/to/file.scss`.

[Install Buf]: https://docs.buf.build/installation
[embedded compiler]: #embedded-dart-sass

That's it!

### In Docker

You can install and run Dart Sass within Docker using the following Dockerfile
commands:

```Dockerfile
# Dart stage
FROM dart:stable AS dart
FROM bufbuild/buf AS buf

# Add your scss files
COPY --from=another_stage /app /app

# Include Protocol Buffer binary
COPY --from=buf /usr/local/bin/buf /usr/local/bin/

WORKDIR /dart-sass
RUN git clone https://github.com/sass/dart-sass.git . && \
  dart pub get && \
  dart run grinder protobuf
# This is where you run sass.dart on your scss file(s)
RUN dart ./bin/sass.dart /app/sass/example.scss /app/public/css/example.css
```

## Why Dart?

Dart Sass has replaced Ruby Sass as the canonical implementation of the Sass
language. We chose Dart because it presented a number of advantages:

* It's fast. The Dart VM is highly optimized, and getting faster all the time
  (for the latest performance numbers, see [`perf.md`][perf]). It's much faster
  than Ruby, and close to par with C++.

* It's portable. The Dart VM has no external dependencies and can compile
  applications into standalone snapshot files, so we can distribute Dart Sass as
  only three files (the VM, the snapshot, and a wrapper script). Dart can also
  be compiled to JavaScript, which makes it easy to distribute Sass through npm,
  which the majority of our users use already.

* It's easy to write. Dart is a higher-level language than C++, which means it
  doesn't require lots of hassle with memory management and build systems. It's
  also statically typed, which makes it easier to confidently make large
  refactors than with Ruby.

* It's friendlier to contributors. Dart is substantially easier to learn than
  Ruby, and many Sass users in Google in particular are already familiar with
  it. More contributors translates to faster, more consistent development.

[perf]: https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/blob/master/perf.md

## Compatibility Policy

For the most part, Dart Sass follows [semantic versioning][]. We consider all of
the following to be part of the versioned API:

[semantic versioning]: https://semver.org/

* The Sass language semantics implemented by Dart Sass.
* The Dart API.
* The JavaScript API.
* The command-line interface.

Because Dart Sass has a single version that's shared across the Dart,
JavaScript, and standalone distributions, this may mean that we increment the
major version number when there are in fact no breaking changes for one or more
distributions. However, we will attempt to limit the number of breaking changes
we make and group them in as few releases as possible to minimize churn. We
strongly encourage users to use [the changelog][] for a full understanding of
all the changes in each release.

[the changelog]: https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md

There is one exception where breaking changes may be made outside of a major
version revision. It is occasionally the case that CSS adds a feature that's
incompatible with existing Sass syntax in some way. Because Sass is committed to
full CSS compatibility, we occasionally need to break compatibility with old
Sass code in order to remain compatible with CSS.

In these cases, we will first release a version of Sass that emits deprecation
warnings for any stylesheets whose behavior will change. Then, at least three
months after the release of a version with these deprecation warnings, we will
release a minor version with the breaking change to the Sass language semantics.

### Browser Compatibility

In general, we consider any change to Dart Sass's CSS output that would cause
that CSS to stop working in a real browser to be a breaking change. However,
there are some cases where such a change would have substantial benefits and
would only negatively affect a small minority of rarely-used browsers. We don't
want to have to block such a change on a major version release.

As such, if a change would break compatibility with less than 2% of the global
market share of browser according to [StatCounter GlobalStats][], we may release
a minor version of Dart Sass with that change.

[StatCounter GlobalStats]: https://gs.statcounter.com/

### Node.js Compatibility

We consider dropping support for a given version of Node.js to be a breaking
change *as long as* that version is still supported by Node.js. This means that
releases listed as Current, Active LTS, or Maintenance LTS according to [the
Node.js release page][]. Once a Node.js version is out of LTS, Dart Sass
considers itself free to break support if necessary.

[the Node.js release page]: https://nodejs.org/en/about/releases/

## Embedded Dart Sass

Dart Sass includes an implementation of the compiler side of the [Embedded Sass
protocol]. It's designed to be embedded in a host language, which then exposes
an API for users to invoke Sass and define custom functions and importers.

[Embedded Sass protocol]: https://github.com/sass/sass/blob/main/spec/embedded-protocol.md

### Usage

* `sass --embedded` starts the embedded compiler and listens on stdin.
* `sass --embedded --version` prints `versionResponse` with `id = 0` in JSON and
  exits.

No other command-line flags are supported with `--embedded`.

## Behavioral Differences from Ruby Sass

There are a few intentional behavioral differences between Dart Sass and Ruby
Sass. These are generally places where Ruby Sass has an undesired behavior, and
it's substantially easier to implement the correct behavior than it would be to
implement compatible behavior. These should all have tracking bugs against Ruby
Sass to update the reference behavior.

1. `@extend` only accepts simple selectors, as does the second argument of
   `selector-extend()`. See [issue 1599][].

2. Subject selectors are not supported. See [issue 1126][].

3. Pseudo selector arguments are parsed as `<declaration-value>`s rather than
   having a more limited custom parsing. See [issue 2120][].

4. The numeric precision is set to 10. See [issue 1122][].

5. The indented syntax parser is more flexible: it doesn't require consistent
   indentation across the whole document. See [issue 2176][].

6. Colors do not support channel-by-channel arithmetic. See [issue 2144][].

7. Unitless numbers aren't `==` to unit numbers with the same value. In
   addition, map keys follow the same logic as `==`-equality. See
   [issue 1496][].

8. `rgba()` and `hsla()` alpha values with percentage units are interpreted as
   percentages. Other units are forbidden. See [issue 1525][].

9. Too many variable arguments passed to a function is an error. See
   [issue 1408][].

10. Allow `@extend` to reach outside a media query if there's an identical
    `@extend` defined outside that query. This isn't tracked explicitly, because
    it'll be irrelevant when [issue 1050][] is fixed.

11. Some selector pseudos containing placeholder selectors will be compiled
    where they wouldn't be in Ruby Sass. This better matches the semantics of
    the selectors in question, and is more efficient. See [issue 2228][].

12. The old-style `:property value` syntax is not supported in the indented
    syntax. See [issue 2245][].

13. The reference combinator is not supported. See [issue 303][].

14. Universal selector unification is symmetrical. See [issue 2247][].

15. `@extend` doesn't produce an error if it matches but fails to unify. See
    [issue 2250][].

16. Dart Sass currently only supports UTF-8 documents. We'd like to support
    more, but Dart currently doesn't support them. See [dart-lang/sdk#11744][],
    for example.

[issue 1599]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/1599
[issue 1126]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/1126
[issue 2120]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/2120
[issue 1122]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/1122
[issue 2176]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/2176
[issue 2144]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/2144
[issue 1496]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/1496
[issue 1525]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/1525
[issue 1408]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/1408
[issue 1050]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/1050
[issue 2228]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/2228
[issue 2245]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/2245
[issue 303]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/303
[issue 2247]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/2247
[issue 2250]: https://github.com/sass/sass/issues/2250
[dart-lang/sdk#11744]: https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/11744

Disclaimer: this is not an official Google product.